The Program For Parents Of Preschool Children With...

Running head: IT TAKES TWO TO TALK 1 It Takes Two to Talk The Hanen Program Tina Dungan Jackson State University IT TAKES TWO TO TALK 2 Abstract This paper explores a published article that investigates the use of It Takes Two to Talk-The Hanen Program for Parents of Preschool Children with Cerebral Palsy within an exploratory study. The study looks into the changes in interaction between children with motor disorders (children with cerebral palsy) and their parents. This study involved children aged 19-36 months with motor disorders that were not progressive but affected their communication. This paper examines the study’s motivation and background, the participants, research questions/methods, and key findings. The paper concludes with a comparison to the Parent-Caregiver Implemented Interaction Language Intervention: Introduction to the Hanen Approach workshop given by Tony Stephen, MA, CCC-SLP. IT TAKES TWO TO TALK 3 It Takes Two to Talk The Hanen Program Children with cerebral palsy (a congenital motor disorder) have a difficult time controlling facial movements for expressions and speech, which makes communicating difficult to interpret. Children with cerebral palsy depend on their communication partner for conversational exchanges. The communication with children with cerebral palsy is usually limited to functional purposes to meet a particular need for the child. This diminishes the child’s social participation and education.Show MoreRelatedEssay about Cerebral Palsy2810 Words   |  12 PagesDefinition Cerebral palsy is a broad term recognizing any number of neurological disorders that typically develop either during pregnancy, during childbirth or early childhood until about the age of three. It permanently affects body movement and muscle coordination, though it never progress’s over time. 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The children she works with range from birth to five years old. Many of the children have physical disabilities, common diagnoses are cerebral palsy, downs syndrome, developmental delay, children who were born premature, sensory processing disorders, fetal alcohol syndrome and some rare genetic diagnoses. She works Monday throughRead MoreCauses And Consequences Of Premature Birth Essay4585 Words   |  19 PagesIntroduction Babies born before thirty-seven weeks gestation are considered to be preterm, or premature. More than one in every ten babies is born too early. Preterm birth complications are the leading cause of death among children under five years of age. Premature birth has a wide range of effects. All babies born before thirty-seven weeks gestation are at risk for complications that can have a lasting effect on the growing baby and family. At twenty-four weeks, the survival rate of a premature

The Issue Of Gun Control - 1807 Words

In the recent years under President Barack Obama, the United States of America has had detrimental controversies over a number of various topics. One of the key major issues that has arisen, mostly in the recent years has been on the issue of gun control. Many United States citizens have different standpoints on this topic. Most of the American citizens argue that the second amendment, the right to bear arms, protects their right as a citizen of the United States of America to own a gun. According to Dylan Matthews from vox.com rigorous experimental research is difficult to do because they are conducted after something happens. This means it is hard to determine which side is the â€Å"right† side. President Barack Obama and a rare few other people including the Law Center to Prevent gun Violence are siding with the President on the other hand are arguing the subject to be a poor idea. The less control that the government has on guns that are purchased by U.S. citizens makes the country better off. President Barack Obama is doing everything it takes within his jurisdiction to make gun laws as strict as possible. According to the whitehouse.gov, on January 5th, 2016, President Obama announced a series of new executive actions on gun control, including the closing of the gun show loophole by expanding background checks on gun buyers. President Barack Obama is aggressively trying to make a move on the issue of gun control. His extensive background check system he hasShow MoreRelatedGun Issue And Gun Control1401 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity, Gun Politics has been a course I have aspired to take. 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Three arguments that prove this position are (1) Incidents like Sandy HookRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1489 Words   |  6 Pagessplit on the issue of gun control. We have seen many violent shootings and innocent people dying because of gun violence. Some Americans believe we need strict gun laws to protect our children and ourselves from these horrific tragedies. Other Americans believes it is our rights as Americ ans to posses’ guns and we are entitled to that right in our constitution. There are also some Americans that are stuck in the middle and can see both sides but recent events have definitely caused this issue to be inRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1031 Words   |  5 Pagesintegrate them in a way that will trigger a new viewpoint on the subject. Gun control is something that should be enforced across the world in order to save lives. In the United States there is a ratio of 88.8 guns per one hundred persons (GunPolicy.org). Those numbers award us with the highest total per capita number in the world. With that amount of firepower there needs to be an efficient way to regulate who exactly can purchase a gun. Since 1791 when the second amendment was ratified there have beenRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1705 Words   |  7 Pagesaway without preface or reason. All someone needs to do is pull the trigger. In today’s world, guns are far too accessible to the people o f society. We hear in the news, stories of mass shootings, homicides, and suicides; most of which are caused by the activation of a gun. A hot-button issue, gun control is one of the most debated topics in American politics. Should we, or should we not, be able to own guns? Although it infringes on the Second Amendment that provides the right to bear arms, this amendmentRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control951 Words   |  4 PagesGun control has been a big topic for the past decade in the united states. These debates will rise and fall time in and time out after something horrific happens in the state. Anti-Gun supporters do not realize that it is extremely difficult to regulate something in the states that is a big portion of our economy.Would stricter gun laws change anything? So far statistically It has been proven otherwise one must consider how a citizen would defend themselves when they are faced with terror. How willRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control929 Words   |  4 PagesGun Control Getting arrested yesterday was not the highlight of my week. I was hungry; so I went to Wal-Mart get some charcoal, lighter fluid, and steak. I put the charcoal in the grill and the lighter fluid on the coals. I got a little lighter fluid on my arm, but I didn’t pay it much attention. I lit the match and threw it on the coals. I looked down and my sleeve was on fire. I was waving my arm in the air, trying to put it out. Then here they come the police pulled in and tackled me to theRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1552 Words   |  7 PagesThe issue of gun is always controversial. Firearm can be used as defending or an assaulting weapon. In United States, firearm increase the rate of homicide, suicide and gun violence, which can harm and murder people. Moreover, taking away people’s gun will not work effectively because the murder and criminal will find another ways to get guns. Also, the black market will appear for the people who cannot get guns from regulated market s. In addition, if regulated guns are banned, murderers may useRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1678 Words   |  7 PagesJanuary 2014 The 2nd Amendment Over the past few years, the issue of gun control has been widely discussed. You surely have heard the phrase, â€Å"Guns don’t kill people, people kill people† uttered and i wholeheartedly support this statement. It is important to treat guns responsibly so they do not end up in the wrong hands. I believe gun control violates our inalienable rights. Another piece of our liberty will surely be taken away if guns are banned, and socialism and totalitarianism will be rightRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1208 Words   |  5 PagesWill Christopherson Traverson English 2 1 March 2017 Gun Control The United States has 88.8 guns per 100 people, or about 270,000,000 guns, which is the highest total and per capita number across the globe. The current public gun control debate in the United States seems to be placed on standby until it is sparked up by a major mass shooting. There were at least 126 mass shootings between January 2000 and July 2014.(pro). Opponents of more gun laws accuse supporters of using a horrific event to further

Economics Surplus Changes after Taxation’

Question: Describe about the Economics for Surplus Changes after Taxation. Answer: Production Possibility Curve tends to capture the fictional representation of all possible patterns of production for any particular combination of two goods that can be manufactured by altering the allocation of resources to the production of the goods. From the underlying concept of PPC, the underlying concepts of scarcity and choice may be derived and explained as demonstrated from the below shown graph (Nicholson Snyder, 2011). In the above graph, point a denotes goods scarcity. This is indicated from the fact that point a lies in the PPC exterior. This implies that the current resources available and their utilisation efficiency is not sufficient to suffice production of goods (i.e. X and Y) indicated by the point. Therefore, scarcity is present although it is possible that this may not be present in the future as the PPC curve may enhance to cover the point a also (Mankiw, 2014). The points b and c adequately reflect on the underlying choice possessed since the available resources could be used in either the manner indicated by b or c thus resulting in differential production of X and Y goods. Choice may be captured by the various points that lie on the PPC as each present an alternative manner for resource usage. Decision needs to be made to choose one amongst these choices which best presents the national interests (Krugman Wells, 2013). The economic system choice is dependent on below mentioned factors (Dombusch, Fischer Startz, 2012). Historical Evolution: The economic system prevalent in the country is driven by the ideals and political philosophy of the prominent leaders involved in independence or modern nation building along with the prevailing circumstances at that time. This is evident from socialism which is essentially a past legacy. Market forces penetration Mature and markets with deep penetration are required for capitalism to function. The availability of the same is typically limited to only the developed nations and therefore capitalism tends to be more common in developed economies, Responsibility of state The state based on the underlying development status and national priorities tends to decide which system would be more suitable particularly keeping amount of state intervention in mind. The differences between the economies of China and Australia are illustrated below (Russet, 2015). In terms of size, Chinas economy is very larger in size compared to Australia. The economic system prevalent in both countries is different. While China has a socialist system in place, Australia is an example of capitalist economy. The sectoral distribution to the GDP is different in both nations. China is manufacturing driven while Australia is services driven. The development status of the both economies is different due to per capita income variations. Australia is a developed economy as it has a high per capita income while China with a lower value of per capita income is developing nation. 2. (i) In line with the information given, it is apparent that on account of technological breakthrough, there has been a decrease in the manufacturing cost of the solar powered vehicles. Due to a decrease in the costs, the supply curve would experience a rightward shift captured in the graph below (Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2001). The shift in the supply curve would lead to the equilibrium price of these vehicles decreasing coupled with increase in equilibrium quantity. (ii) Both electric vehicles and solar powered vehicles offer clean alternatives to conventional vehicles and hence would be considered substitutes. As is evident from the above, there has been an increase in equilibrium quantity of solar powered vehicles. Due to increase in quantity consumed for solar vehicles, the electric vehicles demand will be lowered as reflected in the graph shown below (Mankiw, 2012). As indicated in the graph, there would a reduction is equilibrium quantity and equilibrium price with regards to electric vehicles. The government has proposed to fix a minimum price for solar powered vehicles at a price lesser than equilibrium price with the intention of spurring demand of such vehicles. However, this plan may backfire by causing a demand supply mismatch. This is quite possible since at a lower price, the manufacturers may not be able to meet their expense or keep their desired profit margins. As a result, there would a decrease in number of suppliers which may decrease the supply and lead to a situation where the governments purpose is defeated. Thus, an alternative measure to achieve the promotion of solar powered vehicles is to provide subsidies to the producers for under-recoveries due to lower selling price in the market (Krugman Wells, 2013). The subsidies level should be fixed keeping in mind that the manufacturers should have a decent profit margin 3. Producer surplus tends to capture the gap between the price expectations of the producer for a given product and the price actually obtained. Consumer surplus tends to capture the gap between the maximum price that customers would pay for a given product and the price actually paid (Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2001). As per the question, the government has levied tax on radios, the impact of which is reflected below. Due to imposition of tax (T), there would be an increase in the total cost of the radios which would cause a shift to the left in the supply curve as captured above. The demand curve is static and thus the new equilibrium position is reflected by the point E1. At this new equilibrium point, the equilibrium price has witnessed an increase while the equilibrium quantity has decreased (Mankiw, 2012). It is apparent that the tax burden imposed by the government hurts the buyers and sellers interest. The lowering of buyers interest is apparent from the decrease in consumer surplus as consumers have to pay more for radios and therefore there has been a drop in consumption (Galectic, 2015). The exact impact would demand on the underlying demand elasticity of the radio which essentially would determine how the taxation burden would be borne by buyers and sellers. Further, the producer surplus is decreased as producers have to bear a part in the taxation burden and hence per unit sales proceeds which they are able to get would reduce coupled with decrease in sales volume (Krugman Wells, 2013). Further, it has also been illustrated in the above graph that the sum total of producer and consumer surplus decrease in not matched by the increase in government revenues. Infact, the increase in government revenues is lesser than the producer and consumer surplus decrease. The remaining component is the deadweight loss (shaded area) and is indicative of the inefficiencies as a result of taxation (Nicholson Snyder, 2011). 4. It is known that the price of the ticket has decreased by 10% due to the discount offered by the company. Percentage change in demand (Using Mid-point Approach) for Group A = 1.55)*2/(1.65+1.55)] * 100 = 6.25% Percentage change in demand (Using Mid-point Approach) for Group B = [(1.70-1.50)*2/(1.70+1.50)] * 100 = 12.5% Demand elasticity (Group A) = 6.25/-10 = -0.625 Demand elasticity (Group B) = 12.5/-10 = -1.25 For group A, the absolute elasticity magnitude is less than 1 which points towards inelastic demand from this segment. Hence, due to 10% discount, the revenue would decrease as the % increase in ticket sales does not make up for the % decrease in ticket price. For group B, the absolute elasticity magnitude is more than 1 which points towards elastic demand from this segment. Hence, due to 10% discount, the revenue would increase as the % increase in ticket sales overcompensates for the % decrease in ticket price (Krugman Wells, 2013). (iii) The company should give discount only to group B while no such discount should be extended to group A as is apparent from the above discussion. This would enable the company to maximise the revenue. (iv) With another cinema being opened in the city, it is apparent that demand elasticity for consumers would be impacted. Since the presence of another cinema would offer more alternatives to potential customers, hence the demand elasticity would be hiked. The exact magnitude of increase would depend on how close the substitute can become to the current company in terms of viewer experience and quality. This would erode the capacity of the original company to charge higher price for tickets especially on peak days and time (Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2001). 5. The following table captures the completed cost schedule that is required. Total Product Total Fixed Cost (TFC) Total Variable Cost (TVC) Total Cost (TC) Marginal Cost (MC) Average fixed cost Average variable cost Average total cost $ (AFC) (AVC) (ATC) $ $ $ $ $ $ 0 50 0 50 - - 0 - 1 50 20 70 20 50.00 20.00 70.00 2 50 35 85 15 25.00 17.50 42.50 3 50 45 95 10 16.67 15.00 31.67 4 50 50 100 5 12.50 12.50 25.00 5 50 60 110 10 10.00 12.00 22.00 6 50 80 130 20 8.33 13.33 21.67 7 50 115 165 35 7.14 16.43 23.57 8 50 165 215 50 6.25 20.63 26.88 9 50 225 275 60 5.56 25.00 30.56 The requisite condition for profit maximisation is as follows (Mankiw, 2014). MR (Marginal Revenue) = MC (Marginal Cost) For the given question, the selling price of the product is fixed at $ 35 and therefore marginal revenue is $ 35. Hence, from the cost schedule, it may be derived that at output of 7 units, the marginal cost is also $ 35. Any bid to increase the production further would lower the total profits.] The graphical representation of the variables is as demonstrated below. References Dombusch, R, Fischer, S Startz, R 2012.Macroeconomics, 10th eds., McGraw Hill Publications, New York Galectic, F 2015, Consumer and Producer Surplus Changes after Taxation, Economy and Business Journal, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 322-328 Krugman, P Wells, G 2013, Microeconomics, 3rd eds., Worth Publishers, London Mankiw, G 2014, Microeconomics, 6th eds., Worth Publishers, London Nicholson, W Snyder, C 2011, Fundamentals of Microeconomics, 11th eds., Cengage Learning, New York Pindyck, R Rubinfeld, D 2001, Microeconomics, 5th eds., Prentice-Hall Publications, London Russet, P 2015, Copy of Australia vs China: The similarities and differences of their economies, Prezi Website, Available online from https://prezi.com/nqps6knwa7ic/copy-of-australia-vs-china-the-similarities-and-differences-of-their-economies/ (Accessed on August 16, 2016)

What Role Does Personal History And Reminiscence Play In The Prime Of

What Role Does Personal History And Reminiscence Play In The Prime Of Miss Jean Brodie? What role does personal history and reminiscence play in ?The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie An interesting narrative device of ?The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie? is the manipulation of the time line. The first 5 pages are set in 1936, after which, we are brought back 6 years into the past into 1930. The time periods shift frequently, so much so, that we are told of certain important events very early on in the novel. For example, we are told of Mary's death in a hotel fire on page 14, the betrayal of Miss Brodie on page 27, the identity of the betrayer (i.e. Sandy) on page 60 and Miss Brodie's death on page 26. The fact that these rather tragic events are made known to us right in the beginning, creates a rather foreboding sense of doom as the reader is invited to interpret all the events as a prelude to the final failure and betrayal of Miss Brodie. Personal history and reminiscence therefore, play a major role in the movement of the plot of the novel as events are narrated simultaneously along with the characters' reflections and future thoughts. Miss Brodie, the central character in the novel, often narrates her personal history to her class. One of the first stories that she tells the young impressionable girls is that of her lover, ?Hugh the warrior? who died during The First World War, ?just before Armistice?. This story is often referred to in the course of the novel and is integral in the early formation of the girls' ideas on love and sex, especially in the cases of Sandy Stranger and her best friend Jenny Grey. The girls often contemplate their relationship, fantasizing and creating their own picture of the love affair that took place between their teacher and the greatly idealized Hugh. This can be seen in the two girls' short story, ?The Mountain Eyerie? on page 18. Miss Brodie's narration about Hugh on page 12 is full of romanticized images, likening Hugh's death to the fall of ?an autumn leaf?. Hugh was ?a scholar? despite being poor and wanted to lead a simple life where they would ?drink water and walk slow?. These romantic images were very much impressed upon Sandy and Jenny. Likewise, ?The Mountain Eyerie? follows through with this line of romantic imagery. The language is very passionate. The characters ?beseech? and ?swear? their lines instead of just saying or stating them. There is also liberal use of the exclamation mark. ?Stand back from the door I say!? and ?Back girl! he cried? are some of the statements used in the girls' narration to show strong emotion and raw passion. Later on in the novel, when Sandy and Jenny are composing the secret correspondence between Miss Brodie and Gordon Lowther, (page 73), they set the scene of their lovemaking to be ?the lofty Lion's back of Arthur's seat with only the sky for roof and bracken for bed?. Miss Brodie tries to impress upon the girls the need for ?instinct?, which is why passion is greatly emphasized upon. Hugh is a central figure in Miss Brodie's life. She sets her relationship with him as the standard for all other relationships. We see Hugh being redefined after her holiday with Lowther. She incorporates the latter's singing abilities and Lloyd's artistic talent into her image of him. Miss Brodie uses the word ?instinct? loosely to define her romantic notions, demanding it from her life, as she does from her girls. However, the girls do not follow Miss Brodie's footsteps in the cultivation of greatly passionate and tragic relationships. Jenny has a happy marriage but it does not seem to incite in her the passion the Miss Brodie would have hoped for, finding it instead in her sudden falling in love with the man in Rome in which case ?there was nothing to be done about it?. Miss Brodie had had high hopes for Jenny and probably would have wanted her to go with her instinct but Jenny adhered to a stricter moral code than Miss Brodie, ?sinner that she was? who had no qualms about plotting

Great Depression Essays (3565 words) - Economy Of The United States

Great Depression Essays (3565 words) - Economy Of The United States Great Depression Greg Squires The Great Depression was the worst economic slump ever in U.S. history, and one which touched virtually all of the industrialized world. The Depression began in late 1929 and lasted for nearly a decade. Many factors played a role in bringing about the Depression; however, the main cause for the Great Depression was the combination of the greatly unequal distribution of wealth throughout the 1920's, and the extensive stock market speculation that took place during the latter part that same decade. The mal-distribution of wealth in the 1920's existed on many levels. Money was distributed disparately between the rich and the middle-class, between industry and agriculture within the United States, and between the U.S. and Europe. This imbalance of wealth created an unstable economy. The excessive speculation in the late 1920's kept the stock market artificially high, but eventually lead to large market crashes. These market crashes, combined with the maldistribution of wealth, caused the American economy to capsize. The roaring twenties was an era when our country prospered tremendously. However, the rewards of the Coolidge Prosperity of the 1920's were not shared evenly among all Americans. According to a study done by the Brookings Institute, the top 0.1% of Americans had a combined income equal to the bottom 42% in 1929. That same top 0.1% of Americans in 1929 controlled 34% of all savings, while 80% of Americans had no savings at all. Automotive industry mogul Henry Ford provides a striking example of the unequal distribution of wealth between the rich and the middle-class. Henry Ford reported a personal income of $14 million in the same year that the average personal income was $750. By present day standards, where the average yearly income in the U.S. is around $18,500, Mr. Ford would be earning over $345 million a year! This maldistribution of income between the rich and the middle class grew throughout the 1920's. While the disposable income per capita rose 9% from 1920 to 1929, those wi th income within the top 1% enjoyed a stupendous 75% increase in per capita disposable income1. A major reason for this large and growing gap between the rich and the working-class people was the increased manufacturing output throughout this period. From 1923-1929 the average output per worker increased 32% in manufacturing. During that same period of time average wages for manufacturing jobs increased only 8%. Thus wages increased at a rate one fourth as fast as productivity increased. As production costs fell quickly, wages rose slowly, and prices remained constant, the bulk benefit of the increased productivity went into corporate profits. In fact, from 1923-1929 corporate profits rose 62% and dividends rose 65%2. The federal government also contributed to the growing gap between the rich and middle-class. Calvin Coolidge's Republican administration (and the conservative-controlled government) favored business, and as a result the wealthy who invested in these businesses. An example of legislation to this purpose is the Revenue Act of 1926, signed by President Coolidge on February 26, 1926, which reduced federal income and inheritance taxes dramatically. Andrew Mellon, Coolidge's Secretary of the Treasury, was the main force behind these and other tax cuts throughout the 1920's. Even the Supreme Court played a role in expanding the gap between the socioeconomic classes. In the 1923 case Adkins v. Children's Hospital, the Supreme Court ruled minimum-wage legislation unconstitutional3. The large and growing disparity of wealth between the well-to-do and the middle-income citizens made the U.S. economy unstable. For an economy to function properly, total demand must equal total supply. In an economy with such diversified distribution of income it is not assured that demand will always equal supply. Essentially what happened in the 1920's was that there was an oversupply of goods. It was not that the surplus products of industrialized society were not wanted, but rather that those whose needs were not satisfied could not afford more, whereas the wealthy were satisfied by spending only a small portion of their income. Three quarters of the U.S. population would spend essentially all of their yearly incomes to purchase consumer goods such as food, clothes, radios, and cars. These were the poor and middle class: families with incomes around, or usually less than, $2,500 a year. The

Burger King Customer and Market situation of the industry Essays

Burger King Customer and Market situation of the industry Essays Burger King Customer and Market situation of the industry Paper Burger King Customer and Market situation of the industry Paper yet if it were in a promotion it would be sold for 5 Dhs. thus prove that the margin of profit is extremely high. Distribution situation: In terms of distribution we wish to discuss the number o branches and their locations. In that aspect McDonalds has far more branches and stall as compared to Hardees or Burger King. McDonald in its short span of few years has already established an extensive network of outlets through out the UAE with heavy emphasis on Dubai. Where as Burger king has only 6 outlets. Also McDonalds is located at many venues where it draws its synergies from the location it is in. we found that McDonalds has located its outlets at petrol pumps in major malls and also near residence and office or trade hubs, this allows them to attract customers. We found that McDonalds drew a major advantage against Burger King by locating it self across the UAE and in the Globe so that it was accessible and available. This attributed to better product awareness. Burger King on the other hand has failed to establish itself so strongly in the Dubai market and UAE market, yet it has counted on Snob effect to draw its customers. Burger king how ever has located it self in few yet prime locations where it draws on from the high spending power of the consumers and also on accessibility (City Center). Promotion and Competitive situation: The fast food industry in the region has shown the emphasis and the importance of promotion. In the burger industry itself we can see a promotional war-taking place between McDonald and Burger King, with Hardees playing a minor role. Where McDonalds and Burger king emphasizes on Value Meals and movie memorabilia, Hardees emphasizing on Big Gifts and prizes. But we can see that the Global Advertisement and promotional campaigns of these burger giants spills in to UAE also. Most of the promotional schemes undertaken here are very much similar to the ones undertaken in the region and hence no customization is seen. Though lucrative market for both McDonalds and Burger King we saw that other than value meals both had nothing special for the Regional or UAE market. The competition between McDonald and Burger King is fierce as now both compete to capture a larger market share of the existing size of the market. Burger King has so far emphasized on its Value and quality and hygienic food. The Competition for Burger king and McDonalds is rising slowly but steadily from Hardees who underwent a radical face lift and change of logo and customer driven service standards, yet the real competition is coming from a wholly unpredictable side, the small cafeterias. Yep though hard to believe these small sized cafeterias are spread out through out the entire UAE and cater to a large segment of the market. What we noticed was that on daily basis and on regular basis teenagers, college students and working class people preferred to go to these small cafeterias rather, and prefer Hardees and McDonalds and Burger king on special occasion or if quality is of prime concern or if time was of essence. Surprisingly of the 100 students we questioned 85 accepted that they went more regularly to these small cafeterias than to anywhere else. The reason they stated was that these students stated was that these cafeterias were available everywhere and anywhere, they were much cheaper and they had good things to eat. Though baffling as it may sound we think that there is a common segment, which is competed by the burger industry and these small cafeterias. The upper segment of the market with good marginal propensity to consume and with higher end of the income strata preferred burger outlets. The low-income group of people namely students who cannot afford or labor class prefer these cafeterias. And the teenagers/student and white collar people prefer either of the two, depending on their budget at that given time and the accessibility. We found that these classes of people namely the middle class were very flexible and would adapt to either of the two industries, i. e. urger or cafeterias. When compared with price we found that both were cheap and the cost of a decent average Burger meal from Hardees/ McDonald/ Burger King would be same for a complete meal from these small cafeterias. We understood that the only thing, which differentiated or made the difference, was the quality of the food. As one student put it; we students are ok with anything, it all costs the same for us, we are hungry and we need something to eat, now if it is a burger or if it is a cafeteria burger for us it is all the same. On asking a white-collar male bachelor, he replied we have to be practical as bachelor I consider saving an importance, and if I can get a filling meal at one of these cafeterias which are near by why should I go further down the road to locate a burger joint? Unless I am looking for quality it is indeed a threat, which needs to be addressed by the burger industry. The small cafeterias though catering to a different segment o the market, do sometimes and are taking growing share for the burger joint industry. They are a threat and need to be addressed for the future of burger joints.

Limitiations of Servant Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Limitiations of Servant Leadership - Essay Example However, oftentimes, example alone is not effective in realizing the change that the leader should seek to evoke (Zhang et al, 2012). As such, the five determinants of effective power exemplification are enumerated upon as the use and application of the following: coercive, reward, legitimate, referent, expert, and informational. Whereas the servant leader can appropriately integrate degrees of reward, legitimate, expert, and informational, he/she is completely unable to draw upon the reservoir of power that comes from coercive and in large degree from referent power (Russell, 2012). As such, this represents a clear and measurable shortcoming in that the servant leader is not able to exercise the full extent of his/her power and leadership over the shareholders he/she integrates with (Tidball, 2012). Although such an approach has verifiable and measurable advantages with regards to its ability to win over the hearts and minds of those engaged within such a framework, it is, like many theories, unable to speak to all of the necessary determinants of leadership and power that present themselves. Zhang, H., Kwong Kwan, H., Everett, A. M., & Jian, Z. (2012). Servant leadership, organizational identification, and work-to-family enrichment: The moderating role of work climate for sharing family concerns. Human Resource Management, 51(5), 747-767.

T&M- wk 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

T&M- wk 9 - Essay Example r to make the results more valid and reliable, the examiners should be trained in a way that he or she overcomes his or her biasness towards races other than his or her own (Sattler, 1970). Similarly, the test administration and scoring procedures should be followed strictly so that there is no room for any subjectivity in the results (Sattler, 1970). An examinee factor that may influence the test results is the difference in the linguistics background of the examinee (Domino & Domino, 2006). The standards lay emphasis on the fact that a few tests are unsuitable for certain individuals whose familiarity with the language is doubtful (Lam, 1993). For example, the reliability and validity of tests for those examinees who do not speak English is suspect (Domino & Domino, 2006). Translating tests is not an easy task and it cannot be taken for granted that the validity and reliability of the translation are similar to the English version of the test (Lam, 1993). Thus, to overcome this hurdle, the test should be provided in the language, the examinee is most comfortable in and evidence for test comparability in different languages is obtainable (Lam, 1993). Tina the external influence that you mentioned from the examiner or the environment that could influence the test results is rapport. You are right; this is one of the most significant aspects of test administration as determines the quality of the relationship between the examiner and the examinee (Naglieri & Goldstein, 2009). The examiner should develop rapport with the individual taking the test before actually starting with the testing process (Naglieri & Goldstein, 2009). Trying to establish an encouraging and comfortable environment is vital if the examinee test effort is to take place (Naglieri & Goldstein, 2009). On the other hand, Tina, you should keep in mind that the examiner should have a good rapport and nothing more because involvement beyond good rapport will risk the introduction of errors which

Adam Smith the Father of Modern Economics Essay Example for Free

Adam Smith the Father of Modern Economics Essay The article, Adam Smith and the Invisible Hand by Helen Joyce, proved to be interesting reading. Although it was written about three years ago and the man himself lived more than 300 years ago, the man and his theories live on through the 21st century. Before I read the article, I had never heard of Adam Smith, but it appears his ideas have penetrated time. I started doing more research into the man and his theories. In order to understand his theories and how he thought about processes, one must understand his beginnings. Adam Smith was born in Scotland. He attended Glasgow University then Oxford University. It was his experience in this stay at Oxford that was the basis for the vital observations about universities found in The Wealth of Nations. He was selected as the Professor of Logic at Glasgow and later, Professor of Moral Philosophy. He lectured on spirituality, moral principles and political economy. His first book The Theory of Moral Sentiments established his status. He sought to understand what it was that led us to care about the welfare of others. With that book complete, he gave less attention to his theories of morals and more to political economy. Later, he made the decision to give up his university post by becoming a tutor to the Duke of Buccleuch. They traveled mainly in France, where Smith came to know many of the intellectual leaders of the country. He began a dissertation on economics. It was published as The Wealth of Nations, and on this work rests the ongoing acknowledgement of him as the father of economics. He had very provocative ideas in the book. It was a work that altered the world of economics. Many say it reformed the world itself. He asserts that wealth is steadily created by rising labor output through two key factors (1) the division of labor, encouraged by trade the natural propensity to truck, barter and exchange and also (2) the growth of capital, made possible by the natural inclination of people toward thriftiness. For example, Smith alleged that a system of natural liberty allowed the self-interest of the person to be attached for the good of society, through what he called the â€Å"division of labor and the accumulation of capital. He argued that the free market is an clever device which regulates itself through supply and demand. His purpose was pretty clear: not to advance the interests of any class, but to push the wealth of the entire country. Whatever a nation consumes must be either produced from its labor or purchased in trade. There is no other basis for spending or a standard of living. He assumed that, in fiscal life, the main inspiring force central to man’s actions was self-interest. He argued that, with the right institutional frame, men following their own self -interest would serve the general good. This framework did not call for wide government law. The best plan is to leave the fiscal method alone. This has come to be known as free enterprise. Largely through his book, these principles helped to guide the then rapidly increasing economic activity. And wealth, as he saw it, consisted of goods which all people could consume. This was a democratic; and for that time, radical principle that he adhered to with notable stability. He produced a document that he expected to be used in the conduct of governments. The book presents a persuasive argument for a new approach to economic policy. Smith offered future economists with the makeup of the discipline of economics. His vision of a competitive market balance following a path of growth to wealth and abundance defined the problems that economists have wrestled with ever since His purely scientific contribution has been vast, and in its basic structure his framework still remains the heart of modern economics. On one level, it is an attack on the opinions of his people written for its own time and directed against the existing policies of government. On another level, it is an optimistic thesis that deals with basic troubles of order in human society It is an enthralling mix of ideas. In the most radical age of Western culture, when the uproar of social and intellectual upheaval puzzled lesser men, Adam Smith gave the world order. He did not invent the market or economics. He taught the world about them. For nearly 75 years, his writings supplied most of what economists knew. If there are more people per the amount of GDP, the standard of living is lower. If there are fewer people, it is higher. The GDP per capita the measure of the wealth of the nation is the product of the amount of labor productivity of that nation. The available land or other natural resources is not a decisive factor. He provided the root details of what causes labor productivity to be high or low in a nation. The theme of the book is explaining how labor productivity is resolute by the extent of the division of labor the dividing of work into a much greater number of parts. When the market is very small, when the population density is sparse, it is impossible to achieve much in the way of a division of labor. The more people that could crowd into a place, the greater the amount of specialization among occupations and the greater the marginal productivity, rather than the lesser. There is still controversy about Adam Smith and his account on the invisible hand. Simply put the invisible hand is a notion based on the law of chance. Every person intends only his or her own gain, but though a set of policies that he referred to as the system of natural liberty the good of the nation would be the accidental result. His â€Å"invisible hand is the new method of social life. He described the invisible hand in this way: Individuals naturally intend only their own gain, but unintentionally promote the general interest. He also suggests that ethics is based on sentiment, feelings of empathy between us and other people. He wrote consider how others would fairly judge their behavior before acting on matters that would involve conscience or moral judgment. The best course toward wealth and away from poverty and want is for a nations political rulers to allow for the unplanned result of self-interest, of private property rights, and of self-regulating rivalry under rules of free trade. As the economy globalizes, corporations flourish, and as societies agonize over which issues to settle according to the principles of right and wrong and which to settle according to economic principles. We see the tension between choosing to adhere to the ancient values of tradition, honor and command, or to the modern values of the business firm and the marketplace. The future global economy will tell if the invisible hand is a principle to rely on now and in the future. Though he passed away in 1790 his ideas have surely helped shape the way economists around the globe think, globally.

The Vietnam Counter-Culture Essay -- youth counter-culture of the 70’s

For some it was all about knowledge and enlightenment. For others it was the drive to show that they were not puppets under the marionette master. But for the masses, it was just what the other kids were doing. Yet, when it really all came down to it, regardless of what they were representing, the youth counter-culture of the 1970’s was quite powerful. Who would have thought that the youth who in all previous wars had heeded their parents call now rejected and abandoned their ideals and almost formed their own sect in the political spectrum? In order to give a just analysis, to give an examination of the Vietnam Counter-Culture, one would have to look to the preliminary causes, the debates and diplomacy of the youth themselves, and the reflection where this has influenced today’s youth. Due to the volatile conditions of the Vietnam War, the protestors believed that they should not be involved in a war that they cared so little about. Public opinion heavily swayed during the war as only one senator dissented from the overwhelming opinion to fight the war (Amter 45). However, as President Johnson escalated the war and the Draft increased by 25% in 1968, those youths being conscripted were infuriated (Dougan 118). Not only this, the North Vietnamese began a ruthless offensive on American soldiers by merciless attacking our bases. This resulted in US victories, but also US casualties (Dougan 116). Also, the marines stationed at the bases began to use offensive attacks to deter Viet Cong assault against the wishes of General Taylor (Karnov 443). With these new less defensive strategy, Nixon announced plans to start operations in Cambodia, and to increase the bombings overall in Southeast Asia (Dougan 180). Some missions even began t... ... also foreign policy. We are now less violent towards other cultures and governments that simply just don’t make sense. The Counterculture may not have directly caused any diplomacy, but this belief has been implemented in basically all that America does anymore, like with the UN, relief efforts, and increased welfare for our own people. In order to give a just analysis, to give an examination of the Vietnam Counter-Culture, one would have to look to the preliminary causes, the debates and diplomacy of the youth themselves, and the reflection where this has influenced today’s youth. I am proud to say that as an American I am proud of the simple origins of the peace and love philosophy. Coupled with the causes of freedom, comes a cause for peace and love. Simply put, why can’t we be friends? Why can’t we love our neighbors in the world? Why not peace and love?

Campbell and Bailyn’s Boston Office Essay

Executive summary: This case was about issues that Ken Winston, the regional office manager Campbell and Bailyn’s Boston Office faced with as a result of the two recent changes in organizational structure and performance management system to react to the dynamic of the industry and market. The issues created by these two changes were process complication, limitation in competitive advantages, and discouragement on internal collaboration. We recommend Winston to engage KAT and sales specialist team, define measureable goals to each individual, set up one common organizational goal and make it as part of the performance assessment and hold more company events to encourage collaboration and relationship. With this solution, Winston will be able to ease the process, build stronger sales team, maintain market share, gain sales, maintain profit and create good and healthy working environment within the organization. 1. Situation analysis Campbell and Bailyn (C & B), found in the early 1900s and based in New York, was one of the five largest investment bank in the worlds. The firm has good reputation and was doing well in all segments of the investment banking industry. Within the firm, the bond division, which had been the fastest growing unit, had eight regional sales offices around the world. After New York, the Boston office was the largest. Due to the size and the revenue volume, Boston sales group was often used as a bellwether not only for new products but also for management ideas. Ken Winston, the office head, had a long history and profound experience in bond sales, was appointed in 2003 to be the Boston regional manager with the belief by the senior manager to be the supporter and coach to build and grow the local sales team. During the past 10 years, the banking industry changed dramatically. More players came. More products were created to cope with different demands in the market place. It was harder to sell to maintain volume. It was required more bandwidth and better understanding on a more complicated debt instrument to survive. In addition, margin was shrunk due to entrance of low-service, low-price brokers. For those higher-margin products, it was required deep  knowledge and expertise to market and make the sale. In early 2007, the financial crisis and the meltdown in the mortgage-backed securities market directly impacted to the sales force in the C & B and Boston office. Winston had to make two strategic changes in order to maintain the sales growth and operate more effectively. The first move was to create the â€Å"key account team† KAT. Legacy, the five generalists in the taxable bond division sold the entire product line and managed their own list of customers. Winston had combined these generalists and assigned each of them to a specialty sub-segment of the firm’s product offerings. The goal was to enhance the sales team expertise on product details and focus each individual on just one area with in-depth knowledge. Changing from maintaining their sales on customer wise to product wise, they shared their customers, for the first time. For the past several months, there are certain number of customers enjoyed this new change as they see the new sales team more invaluable. Yet there were customers unhappy and perceived it as more complication. Also, some sales people found it complicated themselves on those large and multiproduct trades given the number of people that needed to be involved. Another bigger concern of Winston was the limitation on the natural salesmanship of his people due to this specialization. The second change was to implement new performance management system, called â€Å"multisource† appraisal. The performance review was no longer the combination of sales volume and own manager assessments. It was then a mixture of several factors which included peer review and feedback from traders, product manager, researchers, sales, profits and manager observations. This change aimed to better the collaborations between regional sales force and cross functional teams as well as encourage the sales team to improve gross margin and profit. After the several months of change, there was an up-tick in profit margin. However, there was a risk of losing sales volume with gross margin focus. Besides, the sales team expressed their frustration. They recognized the potential of being scrutinized by other functions as part of their performance management review Below was the Boston office structure before and after the change Before After 2. Problem Diagnosis: Preparing for the annual year-end meeting, Winston had to present on these  new two changes. Observing customer reactions, hearing comments directly from his sales team, he knew clearly the strength and weakness of the new changes. The new KAT team formation did provide value to some customer, yet, it created confusion, more work and complication at both customer end and C & B sales team end. Customer had to deal with multi people instead of a single contact point. More people were required to be involved in large deal. More calls and meeting were needed. The decision of introducing the KAT team had missed the engagement and input from the specialist team who were experts on specialty product. Fair process believed engagement not only communicated management’s respect for individual and their ideas but also encouraged refutation sharpened everyone’s thinking and built collective wisdom (6). There were lack of collaborations and a smooth process within the organization . In addition, the sales team spent more time in house to figure out the new process and fulfill its requirements rather than spent time to meet and entertain customers which was used to be key part of their job and potential source of generating more deals and sales. They lost their connection with customer. Callahan, who was appointed as the nominal head of KAT team, received comments from one of his major accounts, Ashland Capital, expressed the concern on the reducing engaging between the sales and customer since the change was in place. Moreover, the fact that each individual was given a specialty limited his/her natural salesmanship. This specialization might also lead to a siloed organization structure which was definitely not the strategy. Michael Goold and Andrew Campbell stated that in formulating a strategy and organizational design, a company had to address two factors which were identifying the right market and defining the right methodology to gain the an advantage over competitors in those market (6). Many companies ended up with impeding the market strategy rather than furthering it while doing the organizational design changes. One of the failures was to create divisions among units that make it difficult to operate and increase competitive advantages (6). As the members of the KAT team could not sell other product lines outside their assigned specialty, it was difficult for them to expand their customer base. This was not helpful to compete with other competitors. With new compensation system, the organization faced the risk of losing volume sales as well as creating an inner warfare among the team me mbers and unhealthy working environment  between cross functional teams. Since the performance was based on profit, the sales team would rather choose to close a small deal with high gross margin rather than large deal with moderate margin. Peer feedback was part of the review narrowed the information sharing between coworkers. People were more conservative. This failed the purpose of bridging the knowledge gap between sales and product. Besides, since inside relationship and performance were then important, the sales people cared less about their clients and ignore the element of customer service that was a prior differentiator. The new KAT team and performance management system created process complication for both customer and sales people, risk of losing sales volume, risk of losing competitive advantages, and failure to foster the sales team expertise and build an effective operation process within the organization. These issues had to be fixed in order to win customer satisfaction, gain market share and build a well-organized and well-functional org anization. 3. Alternative solutions Solution #1: Merge key account team and specialist team Team up KAT and specialist into one small team. Move sales specialist from specialist team to be pair with each KAT member to create team for product specialization. Table below shows the new suggested structure. Pros: This combination will create more energy and synergy for each specialty sub segments product. KAT team will receive additional supports from sales specialist especially specialist can provide insight in term of how to handle deal from product specialization perspective. It also allows sales KAT team to have more time and bandwidth to target new customer and maintain relationship with key customer accounts. Sales specialist will have an opportunity to deal with bigger accounts which helps them to better their account managing skill and build relationship with major customers. Cons: Changes after changes will create more confusion to both customer and internal team. KAT member and sales specialist will need to spend a lot of time together in order to understand both side and become team. This change requires an absolute support and alignment between the two teams which is  hard to guarantee. Just like every merger, it may run into the risk of having resistance from inside. Sales specialist may not be willing to provide support to KAT because it creates more work for them. They will have to spend time and effort to learn about the new major accounts. If this change does not come with clear direction and well-defined implementation plan, it may make the situation worse. Solution #2: Add more resource to KAT and increase engagement from both team and customer Hire more people to provide the team more support and help. One sub segment product can have one main specialist and one helper. Implement regular inspection and feedback sessions from both the team and majo r clients. Pros: With the helper, the main KAT specialist like Callahan, Jenifer, and John can spend more time on customer relationship building and find new customers. Regular feedback within internal team and from customer side will ensure smooth process and customer satisfaction Cons: Hard to find the right bond sales people. At that time of the economics, it was difficult to recruit bond sales people. This type of job required very unique skill set and characteristics. Candidates had to be outgoing, extremely self-motivated and street smart. Take time for new members to learn and adopt the new environment. It would be a while before these new people, if they can be found, can be on board and helpful. This is not a good timing as these issues need be immediately addressed Solution #3: Multi approaches Engage specialist to support KAT member in term of process. Improve the performance management system by defining more measurable goals for each individual. Add one common team goal to encourage collaboration and information sharing. Hold more internal events to build the teamwork environment and bridge the gap of internal relationship. Pros With the help of sales specialist, KAT member can reduce some time on the process and administrative work to spend time on building relationships with their clients above and beyond the details of the job. Measurable goals for each individual will reduce the risk of inner warfare. Weigh the sales  volume and sales profit equally will boost the sales volume again. Common team goal will present the threat of sales member keep information for herself/himself because he/she is afraid of others will take the chance and perform better. If 20% of the compensation will be depended on the whole organization financial performance, the sales people will help each other, sharing information and customer relationship so that they can all earn this metric. This is a great methodology to inspire people to contribute to one common goal. Additional internal events such as summer outing, weekend retreat, team informal get together help to bring people together. They can talk, share and reduce the re sistance between employee when it comes to time of asking for help or support from each other. Cons Challenge of getting support from sales specialist. They can refuse due to lack of bandwidth. This may very well happen because supporting KAT is not one of their performance metrics. Winston will need to work very closely with his team on defining those measureable goals in order to prevent confusion. Employee needs to understand clearly the details of their goals, the benefit on achieving them and how to get there. Additional events add cost to expense. If the employee can not get the benefit from them, it is just wasting time, money and efforts. 4. Recommended solution: Solution #3: Multi approaches This solution is a combination of several approaches to tackle those different issues caused by the new two changes. Support from sales specialist will better the business process and ease the workload for both KAT and customer. Loss of sales volume and inner warfare are addressed by defined measurable goals. Setting one common goal as part of individual performance metrics establishes win-win situation. It builds the connection among all sales people and prevents the risk of loss sales due to self-performance competition. In addition, this step will solve the issue of limitation on salesmanship when converting to sell on specialization. The sales people can still discuss and work with customer on other product line and then pass the opportunity on to the right person. Again, one member win also means the whole team wins. Winston needs to work closely with both KAT and sales specialist team to ensure the willingness to support from the  sales specialist team. He needs to make sure both side can see the benefit and agree on the future path. Individual goals for each member have to be a compromised. Each of employees needs to agree on goals set up for them. Winston also needs to communicate clearly on the goal and approach. There should be also an action plan for each member set up between Winston and each team member clearly defined how and what to reach the goals. The important factors of this change are good decision making on what needs to be done and good implementation plan on how to get it done. Paul Rogers and Marcia stated that decisions that drive the business execution are as crucial as strategic decisions (8). Making sure the organization operates effectively is as important as wining more customers and beating competitors. How organization is run will determine how many sales it can get and how well it can sustain and grow. Lastly, company events are best practice, create family-like working environments and foster the company culture. According to Rob Goffee and Garet Jones, some of the best ways to increase sociability within organization are to hold employee gatherings inside and outside office (147). It is important to make sure these events enjoyable so that they can create own positiv e, self-reinforcing dynamic. 5. Implementation plan Hold meeting to communicate the new plan to whole bond sales division. There will need to be a formal meeting to announce the plan, as well as communicate what employee may expect from the manager and what manager will expect from the employee Schedule individual meeting with each of KAT team member to set up measurable individual goals Set up the common company goal and formally announce it the whole team After the first meeting, schedule one on one meeting to follow up. One on one meeting is very important since it keep the connection between manager and employee. Also, it keep track with employee status and also provide chance for both to raise and hear feedback from each other Identify event calendar and publicly communicate. Determine major company event days such as summer outing, end of year party, etc†¦ and put it up as company calendar. Preference: 1. Michael Goold and Andrew Campbell Blenko. Do you have a well-designed organization. March 2002. Boston MA: Harvard Business School Publishing 2. Cham Kim, W and Mauborgne, (2003) Fair process. Harvard Business Review 3. Paul Rogers and Marcia Blenko (2006). Who has the â€Å"D†, January 2006. Boston MA: Harvard Business Review 4. Rob Goffee and Garet Jones (1996). What holds the modern company together. Harvard Business Review

Conformity and Obedience

Conformity and Obedience. In order to answer the question it is first necessary to define conformity and obedience. According to Woods, (2001 p. 107): ‘ We often adjust our actions or opinions so that they fit in well with those of other people. This is known as social conformity †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ’ And Gross, (2001 pg. 392) stated that: Obedience is affected by direction (from somebody in higher authority). This essay will explore circumstances in which we are likely to conform; or obey others. This will be done by drawing on research carried out by Milgram, Asch, Crutchfield and Zimbardo.There are many ways in which we conform; some are useful others are not. For example, if we did not conform and adhere to the Highway Code there would be absolute chaos on our roads and lives would be at risk. At the other end of the scale we have the horrific example of ‘blind’ obedience in relation to the Holocaust in Nazi Germany in the 1930’s – 40’s. In this situation Hitler’s soldiers obeyed and carried out their orders without question because their orders came from a legitimate authority. (Mcilveen & Gross, 1999, pp. 79-80).In 1963 Stanley Milgram carried out a psychological experiment to try to discover why so many people co-operated and committed such atrocities in the concentration camps. This experiment involved groups of two people one – a confederate – played the part of a student trying to remember different words. The other person who was the subject played the role of a teacher and gave him the test. The teacher was told to ‘shock’ the ‘student’ every time he missed a word. Milgram thought that most people wouldn’t shock another human being and especially not all the way up to deadly levels of electricity.However, I transpired that 63% were obedient to their instructor (since he was the one in a position of power) and went all the way up to 450v which was lethal ( Hayes, 2000 pp. 50-51). Experiments carried out by Solomon Asch (1995) showed how easy it is to make people conform. In one of his experiments Asch used groups of 6-8 people who were told they were participating in a study on visual perception. He presented these subjects with 2 cards. On one card was a single ‘standard’ line; on the other were 3 ‘comparison’ lines. Participants were asked to judge which of the comparison lines were equal in length to the ‘standard’ line.Each of Asch’s groups only contained one real subject – the rest were confederates. Asch instructed each of the confederates to give the same wrong answer. There was a 75% conformity rate of the participants, meaning that they gave the same answer as the confederates, showing that people do not want to ‘appear different’ (Gross, 2001 pg. 382). However, researchers discovered that if the participants were alloed to give their answers away from the grou p, then conformity decreased. If people were allowed to give their answers in private, then it is found that they will be less likely to be swayed by other people’s opinions.Again, in experiments, researchers like Asch (1955) have discovered that if the task is ambiguous or the problem made harder, then conformity levels are likely to increase. Under conditions where the problem is less obvious, then people are likely to go with the majority of the group (Gross, 2001 pg. 383). An experiment carried out by Crutchfield (1954) found that pressure to conform can also occur without face to face communication. In this particular study each participant was placed in a separate booth facing a screen which displayed questions and what they believed were answers of the other participants.The questions were simple and the answers obvious. In around half the cases the answers were incorrect. Each participant was led to believe they were the last to answer having seen the other answers. C rutchfield in fact placed the answers there. This experiment suggests that in certain situations people will conform to avoid being the ‘odd one out’ and labelled as a social outcast. In addition, the fear of rejection by peers helps to assure that conformity is guaranteed. Crutchfields’ experiment found that 37% of the participants conformed all the time which shows that conformity can occur even without face to face contact.Both these experiments show that people will go with a group norm and conform to other people who they might not even know (Mcilveen & Gross, 1999 pg. 73). Clearly, there are several reasons why we conform i. e. we don’t want to be seen as troublesome or a nuisance – the psychological term being ‘compliance’. Perhaps we simply wish to be accepted into a group ‘normative influence’ (Gross 2001 p. 386). We may also feel that we are amongst people who are more knowledgeable than us and that we have no rig ht to argue, which is termed ‘information social influence’ (Mcilveen & Gross, 1999 pg. 4). It could be argued that conformity studies are often designed to illustrate the dangers of conformity, and the following study could be seen as an example of this. ‘The Stanford Prison Experiment’ was carried out in 1973 by Zimbardo. It involved taking at random 24 men who responded to a newspaper advertisement asking for volunteers to take part in a psychological study on prison life. A mock prison was created and the volunteers were given ‘roles’ of either guards or prisoners.This experiment found that the guards conformed to the roles expected of them in that they took charge of the prisoners and treated them cruelly and the prisoners conformed to their roles in that they allowed this to happen and did not say that they wanted to stop the experiment. Some even asked for parole instead of requesting that the experiment be terminated. The level of confo rmity in this study was exceptionally high to the extent that the ‘prisoners’ became very distressed and the experiment had to be aborted on day 6 – it was planned to last 2 weeks (Class notes, March 2005).Research also shows that levels of conformity are likely to increase if the status of the people in the rest of the group is high. Low status people are likely to conform more to high status people, especially if those people are in some form of authority (Mcilveen & Gross, 1999 pg. 77). Without doubt all societies require a certain level of conformity in order to function as a society. If social norms are not adhered there would be confusion and disorder. However, what research has shown is that anyone is capable of conforming/obeying under the right circumstances or situations.It is also evident that the circumstances in which we conform or obey can be seen as positive or negative and although it is not always the case, it is usually a positive social influen ce. In the UK today we live in a society which places great value on the individual: ‘†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. there is a great emphasis on individual responsibility to contribute to society. ’ (Alcock et al, 1999 pg. 41) we are expected to contribute, conform and obey. Following like sheep may be regarded s weak, however, the fact remains that many of us conform i. e. religion, fashion, politics.In addition to these factors it is important to mention that non-conformity also has its place in society because if there were total conformity there would be no change, no improvement, or new ideas. For many, life may well be a struggle – battling with the desire to be an ‘individual’ and also having to ‘conform’ to how society expects them to be, think and do. It could be argued that conformity and obedience are necessary elements of society as conformity and obedience helps create a stable society. From an early age we have been instructed to obey a nd conform as we grow up we continue to be exposed to these pressures i. . our parents demand obedience, friends require us to be ‘part of the crowd,’ teachers demand homework, our religion tells us what to believe and the government expects us to obey the law and pay our taxes. Culturally too we are expected to conform i. e. arranged marriages, customs, traditions and dress. In conclusion, with regard to the experiments that have been discussed in this essay it is important to remember that they are just that – experiments, and it is difficult to know for certain what would actually happen in the ‘real world. References. WOODS, B. Basics in Psychology. 2nd edn. London. Hodder & Stoughton Educational. GROSS, R. 2001. PSYCHOLOGY. The science of the mind & behaviour. 4th edn. London. Hodder & Stoughton Educational. MCILVEEN, R & GROSS, R. 1999. Social Psychology. 2nd edn. London. Hodder & Stoughton Educational. HAYES, N. 1994. Principles of Social Psychology. East Sussex. Psychology Press Ltd. ALCOCK, P. , ERKSINE, A. , MAY, M. 1998. The Students Companion to Social Policy. Oxford. Blackwell Publishers Ltd. Conformity and Obedience Conformity and Obedience Assignment In this assignment I intend to evaluate Stanley Milgrams studies of obedience and in particular the ethical issues broken. I hope to determine whether the knowledge gained justifies his experiments. After the destruction and atrocities committed in World War II many historians argued that there must be some sort of character defect that made the German people more obedient. Mailgram’s study was an attempt to test ‘the Germans are different’ hypothesis. The hypothesis states that Germans are more likely a person or people in authority regardless of what the act is. Social psychology handbook pg. 8) Milgram conducted an experiment into the nature of obedience in 1963 at the prestigious Yale University. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the level of obedience participant would go to in giving electric shocks to another person when ordered to by an authority figure. (Social psychology handbook pg. 8) Milgram issued an adv ertisement in a local paper requesting people aged 20-50 from all walks of life, excluding students to take part in an experiment at Yale University. The experiment would last an hour and the pay was four dollars fifty.The participants were told they were getting paid for coming to the laboratory regardless of the results of the experiment. (Gross, 2010, pg. 416) 40 male participants were selected; they arrived at Yale university psychology department and were greeted by a young man dressed in a lab coat. He introduced himself as Jack Williams, the experimenter. He was to appear stern and emotionless throughout the experiment. There was also another participant introduced as a likeable and mild-mannered man named Mr Wallace, he was a confederate and everything from here on has been pre-planned except the results of course. Gross, 2010, pg. 416) The participant were given a short introduction and told the aim of the experiment was to assess the effects of punishment on learning. The participant was then asked to pick a piece of paper out a hat to determine who would be playing the role of the teacher, and who was to play the learner. This was rigged in order for the experiment to work; Mr Wallace was always the learner and the participant the teacher. Next they were all led into an adjoining room and the learner (Mr Wallace) was strapped in full view of the participant into the electric chair and electrodes were attracted to his arms and legs.The teacher (the participant) was told that the electrodes were attracted to the shock generator next room. The generator was a convincing fake created by Milgram. The participant and the experimenter went into the next room where the generator was. The teacher gave a 45 volt shock to convince them that it was real. The volt was battery power and not attached to the mains. The generator switches were labelled with voltage levels and verbal descriptions from: 15-60 slight shock up in intervals of 15 volts to 435-450 XXX. Gr oss, 2010, pg. 416) The learner was asked to memorise a series of paired words. The teacher was to then test the learner by giving him one the words in a pair along with four different words. The learner then had to answer which of the four words had originally been paired with the first one. The learners answer was indicated by one of the four switches which lit up one of four lights on the generator machine. If the learner gave the correct answer, then they moved onto the next question.If the answer was wrong the teacher had to tell the learner the correct answer, and then say that they were going to give them a shock which went up higher 15 volts each time an incorrect answer was given. . (Gross, 2010, pg. 216). In the first experiment known as the ‘remote-victim condition’ the leaner was to give vocal response until 300 volts was used, then the learner was scripted to start pounding on the wall and after 315 volts were administrated to stop. In the second experiment the responses were voice recorded ‘voice feedback’ and the teacher was to believe these were the reactions of the learner from being shocked.For example at 75 volts he made a grunt, at 150 he cried out and refused to be part of experiment asking to be set loose, at 315 he screamed out in pain and finally after 330 volts no sound could be heard. The teacher was instructed that if an answer was not given then it was to be treated as an incorrect answer and a shock was still to be given. If the teacher was to turn to the experimenter for guidance on whether to carry on giving shocks or indicate that they didn’t want to go on the experimenter would reply with a series of ‘prods’.The ‘prods’ were responses such as ‘please continue’ ‘the experiment requires that you continue’ or ‘It’s absolutely essential that you continue’. These ‘prods’ were to be repeated in a sequence for example if ‘prod 1’ was unsuccessful then only could ‘prod 2’ be used if the learner disobeyed after the fourth ‘prod’ the experiment was to end. There was also a special prod used in case the participant was concerned on the physical state of the learner, which was ‘although the shocks may be painful, there is no permanent tissue damage, so please go on. ((Social psychology handbook pg. 11/12). After experiment the participants were introduced to the victim again to prove that he was unharmed. They were debriefed using open ended questions and psychometric measures were used to make sure the participants left the experiment unharmed. Milgram found the results quite shocking and unpredictable. In the first ‘remote victim’ experiment all participants went up to at least 300 volts when the learner pounded on the wall, 65 per cent went all the way to 450 volts.In the second ‘voice feedback’ condition 62. 5 per cent went to the lethal 450 volts. He also found even though the participants hesitated and objected they still continued with the experiment. Although many were observed to tremble, stutter, dig their nails into their palms and even laugh, one participant had a seizure. (Gross, 2010, pg. 416/417). Milgram evaluated his own experiment and devised nine factors that could explain the reason why such high levels of conformity were visible. To test the factors he devised further versions of his experiment.I believe that this strengthens the experiment the amount of control that Milgram was able to give and the different variations helped to strengthen Milgrams conclusion as to why we obey people in authority. (Gross, 2010, pg. 417). A weakness of the experiment is the sample used is not representable to the rest of the American population and can’t be generalised. Only males who read the advert and were prepared to take part in a laboratory experiment were used Milgrams have been accused of d eliberately using an ethnocentric sample. Class notes) I also believe that the experiment was not ecologically valid as laboratory is not considered a normal situation and this could contributed to the experiment having demand characteristics as the participant might have thought that they were in an controlled safe environment and were also encouraged to do so by the experimenter. Another big weakness of the experiment and one that Milgram has been heavily criticised on is ethics. Ethical guidelines are necessary to clarify the conditions under which psychological research is acceptable. British psychological society) (Ethics PowerPoint Moodle). Baumrind (1964) argued that Milgram’s participants had been abused, their feelings not taken into consideration, and not enough was done to protect them from emotional and psychological stress. (Gross, 210, pg. 779) Part of the reason ethical guidelines were brought into force was because of Milgram’s experiment. In my opinion certain ethical guideless were broken, such as no deception should be used, and participants should be informed of all aspects of the experiment unless there is no alternative.Milgram clearly didn’t tell the participant that the learner was an actor and the ‘shock generator’ a fake. I’m sure that this breaks another ethic which is protection, meaning that the participants must not suffer any physical of psychological damage. I believe the participants did receive some emotional stress from the experiment to begin with. It’s argued that Milgram did not take suitable measures to ensure this didn’t happen, but Milgram argues that didn’t predict his results and they were unexpected.That could be believable that Milgram believed the participants would not need protection, but after seeing the distress caused in his first experiment why continue repeating it 17 more times? The participant’s right to withdraw was also breached. All pa rticipants must be informed of their right to withdraw without losing any payment and the results from these must be removed from the records. This wasn’t made clear and the ‘prods’ used strongly suggest to the participant that withdrawal isn’t possible.There is also another important issue broken; consent was not given as the participants were not fully informed of what was happening in the experiment. However milgram argues that the participants were shown that Mr Wallace was unharmed after experiment and a debriefing was issued. A year after the experiment an independent psychologist interviewed the participants used, and found that no evidence of any lasting psychological damage was apparent. He also argues that the experimenter didn’t make the participant shock anyone, they choose to do it themselves milgram wanted everyone to have free will. Social psychology handbook pg. 14/15) To answer the question is Milgrams experiment justified the answe r I believe is yes. Although certain ethical issues are apparent such a situation was unavoidable, and as Milgram says â€Å"the central moral justification for allowing my experiment is that it was judged acceptable by those who took part in it† (â€Å"The Individual in a Social World†, Milgram 1977) Its seems that it was necessary to brake certain rules in order for the experiment to be completed and more real to life.If Milgram’s participants were to be fully informed his results would not be real to life and his experiment a failure. I believe the experiment was very powerful and although unethical the results were important in the study of obedience. Bibliography Ethical Guidelines and Social Research, PowerPoint Presentation on Moodle available @ https://moodle. lincolncollege. ac. uk/AAE/course/view. php? id=361 Gross, R. (2010) Psychology: The science of mind and behaviour, sixth edition, London, Hodder Education. Social Psychology Unit Handbook handed o ut September 2011 by Lynn Train-Brown. Conformity and Obedience Conformity and Obedience. In order to answer the question it is first necessary to define conformity and obedience. According to Woods, (2001 p. 107): ‘ We often adjust our actions or opinions so that they fit in well with those of other people. This is known as social conformity †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ’ And Gross, (2001 pg. 392) stated that: Obedience is affected by direction (from somebody in higher authority). This essay will explore circumstances in which we are likely to conform; or obey others. This will be done by drawing on research carried out by Milgram, Asch, Crutchfield and Zimbardo.There are many ways in which we conform; some are useful others are not. For example, if we did not conform and adhere to the Highway Code there would be absolute chaos on our roads and lives would be at risk. At the other end of the scale we have the horrific example of ‘blind’ obedience in relation to the Holocaust in Nazi Germany in the 1930’s – 40’s. In this situation Hitler’s soldiers obeyed and carried out their orders without question because their orders came from a legitimate authority. (Mcilveen & Gross, 1999, pp. 79-80).In 1963 Stanley Milgram carried out a psychological experiment to try to discover why so many people co-operated and committed such atrocities in the concentration camps. This experiment involved groups of two people one – a confederate – played the part of a student trying to remember different words. The other person who was the subject played the role of a teacher and gave him the test. The teacher was told to ‘shock’ the ‘student’ every time he missed a word. Milgram thought that most people wouldn’t shock another human being and especially not all the way up to deadly levels of electricity.However, I transpired that 63% were obedient to their instructor (since he was the one in a position of power) and went all the way up to 450v which was lethal ( Hayes, 2000 pp. 50-51). Experiments carried out by Solomon Asch (1995) showed how easy it is to make people conform. In one of his experiments Asch used groups of 6-8 people who were told they were participating in a study on visual perception. He presented these subjects with 2 cards. On one card was a single ‘standard’ line; on the other were 3 ‘comparison’ lines. Participants were asked to judge which of the comparison lines were equal in length to the ‘standard’ line.Each of Asch’s groups only contained one real subject – the rest were confederates. Asch instructed each of the confederates to give the same wrong answer. There was a 75% conformity rate of the participants, meaning that they gave the same answer as the confederates, showing that people do not want to ‘appear different’ (Gross, 2001 pg. 382). However, researchers discovered that if the participants were alloed to give their answers away from the grou p, then conformity decreased. If people were allowed to give their answers in private, then it is found that they will be less likely to be swayed by other people’s opinions.Again, in experiments, researchers like Asch (1955) have discovered that if the task is ambiguous or the problem made harder, then conformity levels are likely to increase. Under conditions where the problem is less obvious, then people are likely to go with the majority of the group (Gross, 2001 pg. 383). An experiment carried out by Crutchfield (1954) found that pressure to conform can also occur without face to face communication. In this particular study each participant was placed in a separate booth facing a screen which displayed questions and what they believed were answers of the other participants.The questions were simple and the answers obvious. In around half the cases the answers were incorrect. Each participant was led to believe they were the last to answer having seen the other answers. C rutchfield in fact placed the answers there. This experiment suggests that in certain situations people will conform to avoid being the ‘odd one out’ and labelled as a social outcast. In addition, the fear of rejection by peers helps to assure that conformity is guaranteed. Crutchfields’ experiment found that 37% of the participants conformed all the time which shows that conformity can occur even without face to face contact.Both these experiments show that people will go with a group norm and conform to other people who they might not even know (Mcilveen & Gross, 1999 pg. 73). Clearly, there are several reasons why we conform i. e. we don’t want to be seen as troublesome or a nuisance – the psychological term being ‘compliance’. Perhaps we simply wish to be accepted into a group ‘normative influence’ (Gross 2001 p. 386). We may also feel that we are amongst people who are more knowledgeable than us and that we have no rig ht to argue, which is termed ‘information social influence’ (Mcilveen & Gross, 1999 pg. 4). It could be argued that conformity studies are often designed to illustrate the dangers of conformity, and the following study could be seen as an example of this. ‘The Stanford Prison Experiment’ was carried out in 1973 by Zimbardo. It involved taking at random 24 men who responded to a newspaper advertisement asking for volunteers to take part in a psychological study on prison life. A mock prison was created and the volunteers were given ‘roles’ of either guards or prisoners.This experiment found that the guards conformed to the roles expected of them in that they took charge of the prisoners and treated them cruelly and the prisoners conformed to their roles in that they allowed this to happen and did not say that they wanted to stop the experiment. Some even asked for parole instead of requesting that the experiment be terminated. The level of confo rmity in this study was exceptionally high to the extent that the ‘prisoners’ became very distressed and the experiment had to be aborted on day 6 – it was planned to last 2 weeks (Class notes, March 2005).Research also shows that levels of conformity are likely to increase if the status of the people in the rest of the group is high. Low status people are likely to conform more to high status people, especially if those people are in some form of authority (Mcilveen & Gross, 1999 pg. 77). Without doubt all societies require a certain level of conformity in order to function as a society. If social norms are not adhered there would be confusion and disorder. However, what research has shown is that anyone is capable of conforming/obeying under the right circumstances or situations.It is also evident that the circumstances in which we conform or obey can be seen as positive or negative and although it is not always the case, it is usually a positive social influen ce. In the UK today we live in a society which places great value on the individual: ‘†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. there is a great emphasis on individual responsibility to contribute to society. ’ (Alcock et al, 1999 pg. 41) we are expected to contribute, conform and obey. Following like sheep may be regarded s weak, however, the fact remains that many of us conform i. e. religion, fashion, politics.In addition to these factors it is important to mention that non-conformity also has its place in society because if there were total conformity there would be no change, no improvement, or new ideas. For many, life may well be a struggle – battling with the desire to be an ‘individual’ and also having to ‘conform’ to how society expects them to be, think and do. It could be argued that conformity and obedience are necessary elements of society as conformity and obedience helps create a stable society. From an early age we have been instructed to obey a nd conform as we grow up we continue to be exposed to these pressures i. . our parents demand obedience, friends require us to be ‘part of the crowd,’ teachers demand homework, our religion tells us what to believe and the government expects us to obey the law and pay our taxes. Culturally too we are expected to conform i. e. arranged marriages, customs, traditions and dress. In conclusion, with regard to the experiments that have been discussed in this essay it is important to remember that they are just that – experiments, and it is difficult to know for certain what would actually happen in the ‘real world. References. WOODS, B. Basics in Psychology. 2nd edn. London. Hodder & Stoughton Educational. GROSS, R. 2001. PSYCHOLOGY. The science of the mind & behaviour. 4th edn. London. Hodder & Stoughton Educational. MCILVEEN, R & GROSS, R. 1999. Social Psychology. 2nd edn. London. Hodder & Stoughton Educational. HAYES, N. 1994. Principles of Social Psychology. East Sussex. Psychology Press Ltd. ALCOCK, P. , ERKSINE, A. , MAY, M. 1998. The Students Companion to Social Policy. Oxford. Blackwell Publishers Ltd.

Free Essays on Abe Lincoln

Born: 1809 Died: 1893 Years in Office: 1861-1865 Elected From: Illinois Party: Republican Vice President: 1) Hammibal Hamlin 2) Andrew Johnson The future president was born in the most modest of circumstances in a log cabin near Hodgenville, Kentucky., on Feb. 12, 1809. His entire childhood and young manhood were spent on the brink of poverty as his pioneering family made repeated fresh starts in the West. Opportunities for education, cultural activities, and even socializing were meager. When his father could spare him from chores, Lincoln attended an ABC school. Such schools were held in log cabins, and often the teachers were barely more educated than their pupils. According to Lincoln, â€Å"no qualification was ever required of a teacher beyond readin', writin', and cipherin', to the Rule of Three.† Including a few weeks at a similar school in Kentucky, Lincoln had less than one full year of formal education in his entire life. 5 important facts during term: 1. On March 4, 1861, Lincoln was sworn in as the 16th president of the United States. Ironically, he received the oath of office from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Roger B. Taney, whose decision in the Dred Scott Case was a direct cause of the crisis Lincoln now faced. 2. To his Cabinet, Lincoln appointed his rivals for the Republican presidential nomination and other leading Republicans. He made Seward secretary of state, Chase secretary of the treasury, Cameron secretary of war, and Bates attorney general. Gideon Welles of Connecticut became secretary of the navy, and Caleb B. Smith of Indiana became secretary of the interior. Montgomery Blair of Maryland was named postmaster general. 3. Lincoln feared that taking direct action against the Confederacy would lead to the secession of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas. But events at Fort Sumter forced him to act. 4. Lincoln now took decisive measures... Free Essays on Abe Lincoln Free Essays on Abe Lincoln Born: 1809 Died: 1893 Years in Office: 1861-1865 Elected From: Illinois Party: Republican Vice President: 1) Hammibal Hamlin 2) Andrew Johnson The future president was born in the most modest of circumstances in a log cabin near Hodgenville, Kentucky., on Feb. 12, 1809. His entire childhood and young manhood were spent on the brink of poverty as his pioneering family made repeated fresh starts in the West. Opportunities for education, cultural activities, and even socializing were meager. When his father could spare him from chores, Lincoln attended an ABC school. Such schools were held in log cabins, and often the teachers were barely more educated than their pupils. According to Lincoln, â€Å"no qualification was ever required of a teacher beyond readin', writin', and cipherin', to the Rule of Three.† Including a few weeks at a similar school in Kentucky, Lincoln had less than one full year of formal education in his entire life. 5 important facts during term: 1. On March 4, 1861, Lincoln was sworn in as the 16th president of the United States. Ironically, he received the oath of office from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Roger B. Taney, whose decision in the Dred Scott Case was a direct cause of the crisis Lincoln now faced. 2. To his Cabinet, Lincoln appointed his rivals for the Republican presidential nomination and other leading Republicans. He made Seward secretary of state, Chase secretary of the treasury, Cameron secretary of war, and Bates attorney general. Gideon Welles of Connecticut became secretary of the navy, and Caleb B. Smith of Indiana became secretary of the interior. Montgomery Blair of Maryland was named postmaster general. 3. Lincoln feared that taking direct action against the Confederacy would lead to the secession of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas. But events at Fort Sumter forced him to act. 4. Lincoln now took decisive measures...